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From: [email protected]
Date: 1/20/00
Time: 7:43:35 PM
Remote Name: 195.147.230.209
COSMOLOGY.
The following notes have been developed from my manuscript.
A PERSONAL COSMOS.
Extracts can be found on;
http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~ajfgyro
or
1st SPOT cosmology
All comments will be welcome and should be sent to;
NOTES ABOUT CREATION.
Albert Einstein said that Mass and Energy are different aspects of the same thing.
E=Mc˛ states that energy and mass are equivalent.
They are interchangeable. Energy can become Mass or Mass can become Energy.
An atomic bomb destroys some of its matter and releases it as a large amount of energy.
Physicists regularly produce matter particles in their accelerators out of the huge amounts of energy that they develop.
Statement. We recognise any Mass because it has structure. An atom has structure. A lump of rock has structure. The sun, the stars, the whole Universe has structure. Because of E=Mc˛ we understand that any mass, any structured mass is equivalent to an awful lot of energy. But what of energy? If we accept that we recognise a mass because of its structure, and if we insist that energy and mass are equivalent. Then surely the constructive agent that we call energy also has to have structure.
I have accepted that statement and because of it, over the last fourteen years I have developed theories that may explain most of the workings of the Universe.
Space is a near perfect vacuum. Or so we are told. But then maybe not such a perfect vacuum. There are many millions of stars (Suns) in each Galaxy, and there are many millions of Galaxies. There are vast amounts of radiation and there is the "background radiation" the so called remnants of the Big Bang that pervades the whole Universe and to cap it all more and more cosmologists are claiming that the whole Universe is filled with Energy. Not such a perfect vacuum after all is it! Let us agree that there IS a great difference in the level of energy locked up in a single atom than within any similar volume of interplanetary space. But if space is filled with energy, no matter how tenuous. Then it must be true that there is no absolute vacuum anywhere. So there IS an aether after all. For many years it was believed that space was filled with some sort of etherial mist. It was assumed that it pervaded every where and everything, but then Albert Einstein, when asked about the aether, answered. "An aether is irrelevant, it cannot be seen or detected in any way". He assumed that an aether would, over time, slow down the planets and resist light, just as air resists the fall of a feather. So how can we overcome such arguments? On page one I showed that by accepting that the energy that forms all masses has structure, and accepting that the whole of space is filled with energy, then that energy is in fact the aether. With that argument we show that Einstein was wrong? But we will still have to show why the aether doesn't slow down the planets. We now need to take a huge mental leap. ONE. Put aside all the creation theories you have so far come across, especially the Big Bang theory, for that restricts our thinking to a finite Universe. Two. We need to consider that the Cosmos is infinite. But how can we define "Infinity"? My definition is as follows; Infinity defines, not only the limits of our present possible understanding, but also shows that, no matter how far we push that understanding there will always be more that we will not understand. So, using that argument I believe that the Cosmos, but not necessarily the Universe is infinite. So I imagine an infinite space filled with energy. But how can that produce a Universe like ours? EASY. (says he with his tongue in his cheek.) Let us come back to Earth for a moment. Here on Earth we have an atmosphere, made up of various gasses. Because the Earth rotates and because of the effect of the sun and moon, the Earth has our second favourite topic of conversation, the weather. (I can only guess at what your first favourite topic is). This weather can produce anything from a dead calm to the most terrible storms. Consider for a moment what happens when a gentle breeze develops into a powerful tornado. Well that is how I imagine an infinite Cosmos. The Cosmos is filled with its own atmosphere, an atmosphere of energy. An atmosphere that is capable of producing anything from a simple hydrogen atom to a Universe, and the agent it uses to achieve this is, gravity.
GRAVITY
I seem to be determined to change a lot of our presently accepted ideas. Well, yes I am and I certainly would like to change our ideas about gravity. We have all learnt that gravity is a force of attraction. It is said that Newton developed his ideas about gravity by seeing an apple fall from a tree. He deduced that the greater mass of the Earth pulled the apple towards it. NOT SO. The apple was pushed toward the Earth by the pressure of the aether. Gravity is a force of compression not of attraction. This view of gravity will have little effect on our everyday understanding about gravitational effects, but is vital in helping us understand how this Universe may have formed within the infinite Cosmos. In the old days alchemists tried to make gold out of other metals. It proved a little too difficult for them for they had no idea how gold was made by nature. If today you were a modern alchemist who wished, not to make gold but rather to manufacture your own little Universe. It would probably be wiser if you lowered your sites a little and first had a go at making a single hydrogen atom out of etherial energy. In the belief that once you had managed that, all you would then have to do is duplicate the procedure many, many millions of times over. So our problem is in trying to understand how nature was able to make countless numbers of atoms out of energy. For we do know that if you have enough atoms you can indeed make a Universe. Now this is very difficult if you have the wrong understanding of what constitutes energy. But by accepting that energy has structure makes it a little easier. It is not possible for us to visualise a smallest energy structure, probably because there is no smallest structure. But even within the structures we do know of, how is energy stored ….? Simply by each of its numerous components spinning. An atom is constructed out of many particles, these particles store huge amounts of spin energy. Smaller particles form larger particles. Around, within and between these particles other very different particles act as controls, holding together, because of the effect of gravity, the whole. If you destroy an atom then all the pent up energy stored within its particles is released as radiation energy. And all this happens because Cosmic gravitational pressure has weather storms that can form or destroy atoms.
Any mass that has surplus energies is forced to reject them as radiation. A simple way to understand why radiation's shoot off in all directions away from their source, is as follows. Imagine four tropical fish tanks, one in New Zealand, one in the U.S.A., one in England and one somewhere in Africa. An observer looking at each tank would see any bubbles rise straight to the surface. But an observer looking at the tanks away from the Earth would see the bubbles rise at very different angles all directly away from the Earth's centre. Each bubble would be reacting to the pressure of the water surrounding it. A bubble will rise to the surface at a constant rate irrespective of the depth of water it has to pass through. This also explains why light and all radiation's are propagated through the Universe at a constant rate. Cosmic pressure is remarkably even once away from any large mass. The constant speed of light is proof that the Cosmos is filled with Energy Structures. As a bubble rises through water it wobbles, so too do radiation's. We call it their frequency. The Universe is like a storm riddled atmosphere, some volumes are calm others have violent storms occurring within them. The storms represent all masses such as atoms, stars, galaxies etc,. So with just a clear understanding of Einstein's E=mc˛, we have an overall picture that will help us understand the Universe. Maybe one of the reasons why the big bang theory is so popular is that it gives a quick fix explanation as to how energy could, over a relatively short time span, produce the huge amount of matter needed to make the Universe. As we have seen with our modern alchemist, making a universe is the easy bit. The hard bit is making that first atom. Well, with my theory of the structured nature of, what we call energy, an atom is just a progression of structuring that occurs when the conditions are right for that development to take place. So when, within the aether's atmosphere a huge storm developed, within which the conditions were right, a vast number of energy structures developed into the simplest atoms (hydrogen), for instance. We have a very good understanding how matter develops from that condition. But the one quality that the aether requires for all this to happen is, sufficient time.
TIME.
These ideas are basically simple but require that you read them with an open mind. One point to stress is that everything within the Cosmos is continually changing. Many things change in an instant, whereas others change very slowly. But everything eventually does change. On an Earthly scale we see these changes at all times. Day becomes night, spring becomes summer. Milk turns sour, flowers grow, then blossom and then wilt and die. But although everything changes, they each have their own change rate. The past consists of all the countless changes that have ever taken place. We call it History. The present is an indefinable moment we can only think of as "Now". The future will consist of all the changes that will occur from the moment we call now onwards. But if every particle, every atom, every molecule, everything, has a different change rate, or time scale how can we make sense of it all? Well we have been doing just that for a very long time. Those changes that have the greatest relevance to our everyday lives we use continually. We call the use of these events, Time measurements, or TIME. Time is simply our perception of Change. We use the time that the Sun is above the horizon and call it daytime. In three hundred and sixty five days the Earth circles the Sun. we call that one year. A pendulum swings from side to side. We use its regular rhythm to make clocks. If nothing changed there would be no time. Of course, without change there would be no Cosmos, no Universe. It is very hard not to believe that Time is a special quality of creation. We tend to consider time as being like a set of railway lines that we travel along, and that somehow they are independent of the rest of the Cosmos. We all fantasize about travelling backwards in time, or of travelling ahead of time into the future. Well time is not separate to the Cosmos. It is purely our perception of the countless energy level changes that gives life to the Cosmos. So to go back in time would require that every minute change that had occurred, from the chosen events time, would have to be reversed. Before Atom structured man can time travel he will have to be a lot cleverer than he is at present… A ghost would stand a better chance.
BLACK HOLES.
Because of the way that I see the Universe, I find it difficult to understand other peoples perception of Black Holes. Are they indeed such complex objects? Is there no relatively simple way of describing them? We need to start with a close look at some other relatively simple object. So we choose a single hydrogen atom which is said to consist of a nucleus and a single, electron . Many think of an atom as a miniature solar system made of tiny pieces of grit. But because of E= Mc˛, we know that all "solids" are really only energy structures. So looking at the hydrogen atom we find a complex system of particles (energy structures) all required to maintain the integrity of the atom. To remain as a hydrogen atom the Cosmos designates it a certain amount of space and it imposes a strict control on every component of the atom. So we see that even the simplest of atoms is really a complex structure that only remains as a hydrogen atom so long as its components obey, the laws of the Cosmos. If you change, too drastically some of its parts or try to alter the space it requires then it ceases to be a hydrogen atom. But we do know that they do change. Throughout the life and death of a Star they become many different structures and it is because of these changes that the Universe is as it is. The briefest of descriptions of a Black Hole is as follows; "A region of space time from which nothing, not even light can escape, because its gravity is too strong." A singularity is described as follows; "A point in space time at which the space time curvature becomes infinite." So a large mass collapsing under the influence of its own gravity is said to become a Black Hole singularity. Let me quote you Stephen Hawkins description taken from his book, "A Brief History of Time." Quote. "Using the way light cones behave in general relativity together with the fact that gravity is always attractive, he, (Roger Penrose) showed that a star collapsing under its own gravity is trapped in a region whose surface eventually shrinks to zero size. And since the surface shrinks to zero, so to must its volume. All the matter in the star will be compressed into a region of zero volume." Earlier I showed that an atom can only maintain its form by holding to the limits placed upon it by the Cosmos, but that great changes have occurred that produced the many different structures that make up the Universe. So I maintain that, yes Black Holes can exist but only if they too abide by the Cosmic rules. So my scenario for the formation of a Black Hole is as follows. When a large mass goes into gravitational collapse its constituent parts have to go through many changes. Changes that enable the mass to occupy lesser volumes of space. Because I see Space as another form of Matter (Structured Energy) I do not accept that a Black Hole can ever become a singularity. I believe that as the mass collapses at near the speed of light it would drag into itself large quantities of space energy until the strain would become too great and the Black Hole would explode, releasing its tiny but Massive particles into the space environment. We should be able to detect these explosions probably as bursts of Gamma rays. Other, even more energetic particles, may scatter at speeds greater than that of light. For I have a saying that. In nature if the conditions are right then anything that those conditions allow will happen. I do not believe that any mass can have "zero size" Many types of stars exist from red giants to white dwarfs and even neutron stars, so could a star collapsing even further become an even more dense object than a neutron star, a quantum star? A black Hole has by its very nature, to be short lived to any outside observer. But a quantum star may be very long lived. Beyond that, a further collapse would produce an explosive Black Hole but not a Singularity. Just how big this Universe is, is still open for discussion; but because, even with our limited knowledge, we do have a considerable understanding of the workings of the Universe, much can be accepted as "Proven to work" at least on a day to day basis. Therefore we can accept a great deal of what we are told about the Universe and how matter behaves within it. It then depends on just how far you wish to seek further understanding.
Four states of structured energy.
One. The Aether. The particles that fill the aether are the smallest and have the lowest energy content of all. We can have no idea just how small, or how weak these could possibly be for these particles can only be described as "ethereal" they exist in a ghost like state. The lowest energy levels may exist between Universes. Rising to progressively higher levels between a Universes galaxies, then higher between its stars, reaching even higher levels within an atoms particles. Possibly culminating within the extremely dense particles within a black hole.
Two. Matter. Which is the most obvious state of structured energy. Everything from a single atom to the whole Universe we say is made of matter. We know of some one hundred and three different atoms. The simplest of these is the Hydrogen atom, which has just one nucleus, one electron, plus its bonding particles. So a spectrum of atoms would consist of some 103 energy levels, and would be recognised by the number of neutrons protons and electrons that go to form each atom. Surplus energy we recognise as radiation.
Three. Radiation. The spectrum of radiation particles is very large and stretches from the exceedingly dense gamma radiation through X-rays and light to the radio spectrum etc. We visualise them as either waves with distinct frequencies or as particles. Both help us explain various phenomena. But until now we have not recognised the vital part the aether plays in understanding radiation. The aether's gravitational pressure not only distributes radiation but also controls its speed. We visualise the light radiating away from a star as streams of particles or waves spreading out as they travel away from the star. But a truer way of understanding the process is to think of the light as spheres of light forming the appearance of an ever expanding onion, or the rings in a trees trunk. The light layers vary as the light density changes. Four. Bonding particles. (Quantum Particles) What I call bonding particles are what are currently known as "the four forces of nature". It could never have been a very satisfactory way of describing how invisible forces could possibly act through an absolute vacuum. But having accepted the aether for what it is makes it so much easier to understand how all particles are formed out of etherial structures that store energy by reacting to the pressure of the Cosmos and storing that energy by developing complex spinning structures. Great Oaks from little acorns grow. That is very true when trying to understand how this Universe formed. Exceedingly small structures reacting to Cosmic gravitational pressure were buffeted until they melted together to form ever larger, more complex structures. They danced to the Cosmic tune and formed more and more complex systems. From the initial etherial state they developed into a nuclear form and then into atomic structures. Out of these the Universe was formed. A great Oak has certainly grown from very tiny acorns.
STATEMENTS.
One. The Energy that makes atoms has itself got structure.
Two. There is no absolute vacuum anywhere in the whole Cosmos.
Three. There is an aether after all.
Four. The Cosmos is infinite.
Five. Gravity is not attractive but compressive.
Six. Energy is stored within every particle by a complex SPIN System. [email protected] 1/1.2000.